Climate change involves changes in the climate system caused by polluting human activities and the social and natural effects of these changes. The historical and anthropogenic grounds of climate change play an important role in climate justice claims. Many climate justice scholars believe that principles of climate justice should account for the historical and anthropogenic sources of climate change. Two main backward-looking principles have been proposed: the polluter pays principle (PPP) and the beneficiary pays principle (BPP). The BPP emerged in (...) the literature on climate justice in response to certain objections raised against the PPP. In this paper, I focus on two of these objections: the causation objection and the excusable ignorance objection. Defenders of the BPP have traditionally assumed that this principle is not vulnerable to those objections, which renders the BPP superior to the PPP. In this paper, I challenge this underlying assumption. My argument here is simple: moving from the PPP to the BPP in response to any of these objections might be unjustified because the BPP is affected by at least some of the considerations giving rise to these objections. (shrink)

Debates about individual responsibility for climate change revolve mainly around individual mitigation duties. Mitigation duties concern future impacts of climate change. Unfortunately, climate change has already caused important harms and it is foreseeable that it will cause more in the future, in spite of our best efforts. Thus, arguably, individuals might also have duties related to those harms. In this paper, I address the question of whether individuals are obligated to provide compensation for climate related harms that have already occurred. (...) I explore two possible strategies to answer that question. The straightforward strategy answers in the affirmative. Two approaches embrace this strategy: the ‘ecological citizenship’ approach and the benefits-based approach. I challenge those two approaches and rule out an affirmative answer. The alternative strategy answers in the negative but provides a way to respond to why currently living individuals should pay for burdens created for past individuals. Two possible approaches embrace this alternative: the community-based approach and my own state-based benefits approach. I will argue that individual duties do not fall under the realm of compensatory justice, but they have nonetheless a duty to bear compensatory burdens allocated to their states. (shrink)

In this paper, we study the effects of using an algorithm-based risk assessment instrument (RAI) to support the prediction of risk of violent recidivism upon release. The instrument we used is a machine learning version of RiskCanvi used by the Justice Department of Catalonia, Spain. It was hypothesized that people can improve their performance on defining the risk of recidivism when assisted with a RAI. Also, that professionals can perform better than non-experts on the domain. Participants had to predict whether (...) a person who has been released from prison will commit a new crime leading to re-incarceration, within the next two years. This user study is done with (1) general participants from diverse backgrounds recruited through a crowdsourcing platform, (2) targeted participants who are students and practitioners of data science, criminology, or social work and professionals who work with RisCanvi. We also run focus groups with participants of the targeted study, including people who use RisCanvi in a professional capacity, to interpret the quantitative results. Among other findings, we observe that algorithmic support systematically leads to more accurate predictions from all participants, but that statistically significant gains are only seen in the performance of targeted participants with respect to that of crowdsourced participants. Among other comments, professional participants indicate that they would not foresee using a fully-automated system in criminal risk assessment, but do consider it valuable for training, standardization, and to fine-tune or double-check their predictions on particularly difficult cases. We found that the revised prediction by using a RAI increases the performance of all groups, while professionals show a better performance in general. And, a RAI can be considered for extending professional capacities and skills along their careers. (shrink)

The Polluter Pays Principle (PPP) states that polluters should bear the burdens as- sociated with their pollution. This principle has been highly contested because of the pu- tative impossibility of considering individuals morally responsible for an important amount of their emissions. For the PPP faces the so-called excusable ignorance objec- tion, which states that polluters were for a long time non-negligently ignorant about the negative consequences of greenhouse gas emissions and, thus, cannot be considered morally responsible for their negative consequences. (...) This paper focuses on the concept of moral responsibility as it appears in the excusable ignorance objection. I claim that this objection stems from a narrow notion of moral responsibility and that a more fundamen- tal notion of moral responsibility would pave the way to overcome it. I show that it should be out of the question whether historical polluters should bear some burdens asso- ciated with climate change because of their historical emissions. The relevant question is which kind of burdens they can legitimately be asked to bear. I argue that this notion of moral responsibility allows us to assign burdens of symbolic reparation, which are at the core of ‘Loss and Damage’ policies. (shrink)

Normal 0 21 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 Nesse artigo procuro mostrar que a reconstrução habermasiana da gênese lógica do sistema de direitos é uma tentativa de explicitar o significado da práxis constituinte, reduzindo-a a dois elementos, o princípio do discurso e o conceito de forma jurídica. O princípio do discurso pode ser objeto de uma reconstrução interna, pela qual os participantes da práxis deliberativa podem reconhecê-lo como imanente a essa práxis. Isso porque o princípio do discurso se assenta nos pressupostos (...) da socialização lingüística em geral. O mesmo não se passa com a forma jurídica, que não pode ser derivada das condições comunicativas da linguagem e precisa de uma reconstrução de outro tipo, própria de uma teoria da evolução social. (shrink)

. Two Mutually Exclusive Concepts of Harm? Retrospective and Structural Wrongful Harm at the Bases of a Compensatory-Based Approach for Loss and Damage. Ethics, Policy & Environment: Vol. 21, Geoengineering, Political Legitimacy and Justice, Guest Edited by Stephen Gardiner and Augustin Fragnière, pp. 391-395.

The present article aims to present how the different philosophical perspectives have tackled the problem of the foundations of our responsibility to future generations in the context of ecological crisis. The main theories addressed here will be Hans Jonas metaphysical foundation, utilitarianism, communitarianism, the rights theory and contractarian perspectives derived from John Rawls’s theory. By assessing these perspectives, I assert that, against jonasianianism and related perspectives, our responsibilities to future generations must be thought of in terms of “political, not metaphysical”. (...) The foundation of these responsibilities must be based, not on God, nor compassion, nor benevolence, nor identity sentiments, but on a conception of ourselves as rational and reasonable persons. From my point of view, we must find our responsibilities to future generations in our respect for their necessities and interests as well as in the maintenance of their available opportunities. This point of view allows us to point out some of our future challenges in the intergenerational justice scope. (shrink)

Resumo: Neste artigo, investigamos a concepção nietzschiana para a “filosofia do direito”. Assim, apresentamos a hipótese de que o autor possui uma conceituação heterodoxa acerca da filosofia do direito, podendo ser entendida numa perspectiva genealógica. Para coloca-la à prova, analisamos um fragmento póstumo de 1883 em três momentos: incialmente, apresentamos a crítica nietzschiana à filosofia do direito de Rudolf von Jhering. Em um segundo momento, indicamos que Nietzsche sinaliza uma perspectiva genealógica como novo método para ela. Por fim, apresentamos o (...) que ele entende como um exemplo de erro interpretativo dos filósofos do direito: a significação da punição.: In this article, we investigate the Nietzschean conception of “philosophy of law”. Thus, we present the hypothesis that the author has a heterodox concept of the philosophy of law, which can be understood from a genealogical perspective. To put it to the test, we analyzed a posthumous fragment from 1883 in three moments: initially, we presented the Nietzschean critique of Rudolf von Jhering’s philosophy of law. In a second step, we indicate that Nietzsche signals a genealogical perspective as a new method for the philosophy of law. Finally, we present what he understands as an example of an interpretative error by legal philosophers: the meaning of punishment. (shrink)

1. Teoría general del derecho.--2. Enciclopedia jurídica. Panorama de las ideas jurídicas contemporáneas.

In 'Spirit of Life', Luis Portela talks about his broad range of experiences in several texts, which apparently are not related, but they all search for the truth, in a moralizing, constructive and elucidative way. Sometimes he talks about his trips and the pleasure of being in touch with nature, he makes us feel as if we were with him in these different places. At other times he tells short stories, in such a way that only a very sensitive (...) person could do. He also reminds us of great historic moments and figures who are pointed out as examples. He contemplates present-day issues that are important, making an objective and independent analysis. All this diversity brings about a pleasant combination of texts that are carefully written and easy to read. Yet they stimulate the mind and provoke reflection. With fascinating simplicity, Luis Portela challenges us to think about the greatest matters concerning the meaning and destiny of man as a spiritual being. (shrink)

The ethics of emissions accounting deals with the following question: When considering who has emitted how much, should emissions be attributed to producers (production-based emissions accounting,...

Climate scientists have proposed two methods to link extreme weather events and anthropogenic climate forcing: the probabilistic and the storyline approach. Proponents of the first approach have raised the criticism that the storyline approach could be overstating the role of anthropogenic climate change. This issue has important implications because, in certain contexts, decision-makers might seek to avoid information that overstates the effects of anthropogenic climate change. In this paper, we explore two research questions. First, whether and to what extent the (...) storyline approach overstates the effects of anthropogenic climate change. Second, whether the objections offered against the storyline approach constitute good reasons to prefer the probabilistic approach. Concerning the first question, we show that the storyline approach does not necessarily overstate the effects of climate change, and particularly not for the reasons offered by proponents of the probabilistic approach. Concerning the second question, we show, independently, that the probabilistic approach faces the same or very similar objections to those raised against the storyline approach due to the lack of robustness of climate models and the way events are commonly defined when applying the probabilistic approach. These results suggest that these objections might not constitute good reasons to prefer the probabilistic approach over the storyline approach. (shrink)

Entrevista com Luiz Felipe de Alencastro.

In visual science the term filling-inis used in different ways, which often leads to confusion. This target article presents a taxonomy of perceptual completion phenomena to organize and clarify theoretical and empirical discussion. Examples of boundary completion (illusory contours) and featural completion (color, brightness, motion, texture, and depth) are examined, and single-cell studies relevant to filling-in are reviewed and assessed. Filling-in issues must be understood in relation to theoretical issues about neuralignoring an absencejumping to a conclusionanalytic isomorphismCartesian materialism, a particular (...) neural stage that forms the immediate substrate of perceptual experience enactiveanimatesubpersonal” considerations about internal processing, but rather by considerations about the task of vision at the level of the animal or person interacting with the world. (shrink)

LEMOS, Luiz Henrique. A Psicologia da religião Ocidental e Oriental: a influência do círculo de Eranos no atendimento da religião na perspectiva de Carl Gustav Jung. 2013. 127f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciências da Religião) – Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Religião, Belo Horizonte.

One of the most significant challenges that twenty-first-century philosophy has to face is to think about our moral and political responsibility in collective and global contexts. In our globalized...

Com a noção de Metamorfose doMundo pretendemos elaborar uma ontologia dopresente desde o conceito wittgensteiniano de"revelação do aspecto" Ontologia, porém, não éuma ciência, mas a prudência gramatical que lidacom as incertezas da condição humana expressasna linguagem. Ao contrário da tradição filosóficaque parte da contemplação que se distancia domundo, partimos do assombro instaurado nocerne da linguagem mesma recorrendo à noçãode algo como algo, mas destacando na transitoriedadedeste "como" a abertura de sentido, ouseja, a possibilidade de tematizar-se o mundo.

Este artigo pretende mostrar =uma recepção da essência da fé cristã em uma nova chave da filosofia: a gramática da facticidade.

The modern populism has as one of its sources the political ideas of Francisco Suárez (1548-1617), who, as a teacher in outstanding european universities, such as Salamanca and Coimbra, have had widespread influence even up to our time. His political teachings has made a difference for notorious figures and political movements, such as Bartolomé de las Casas, the famous advocate of the Indians, and possibly, in more recent times, H. F. R. Lamennais and the Russian populists of the Nineteenth Century.

The main problem of the Spanish local finance system derives from the existence of two opposite models: LOFCA model versus Floral system. As a result of this opposition, the Spanish system has moved some distance away from the theoretical principles of sound fiscal federalism. The analysis carried out in the article points out clearly the need to improve the fiscal mechanisms of responsibility and financial autonomy and to introduce a system of interjurisdictional responsibility which should palliate the defects detected in (...) the actual system in order to maximise the political and economic advantages of an authentic fiscal decentralisation.Le problème majeur du système espagnol de finances locales réside dans l’existence de deux modèles opposés: le modèle LOFCA et le système Floral. En raison de cette opposition, le système espagnol s’est considérablement écarté des principes affirmés par la théorie d’un authentique fédéralisme fiscal. L’analyse conduite dans l’article met en évidence la nécessité d’améliorer les mécanismes fiscaux de responsabilité et d’autonomie financière des collectivités locales espagnoles en introduisant un système de responsabilité inter-juridictionnelle capable d’éliminer les incohérences du système ; ce qui permettra de tirer pleinement partie des avantages politiques et économiques inhérents à la décentralisation fiscale. (shrink)

La ciencia hoy señala que el cambio climático se ha producido a escalas sin precedentes y, sin una acción decisiva, los costos de estos impactos ambientales serán más costosos y costosos para la vida en el planeta. El ecosocialismo surge como una alternativa energética a la raíz de los problemas ambientales, que reflejan un modelo económico, social y cultural de opresión con la naturaleza, el capitalismo. La alternativa ecosocialista es una propuesta estratégica que resulta en convergencias entre la reflexión ecológica (...) y la reflexión socialista, como corriente práctica y teórica, como los movimientos ecosocialistas internacionales, como foros, congresos y promoción del conocimiento científico sobre el tema. Este trabajo presenta una síntesis analítica de la producción científica sobre ecosocialismo en disertaciones y tesis de posgrado en Brasil. El trabajo utiliza como método la construcción de una Síntesis de Evidencia Cualitativa (SEQ). La selección y perfeccionamiento de la revisión comprendió tres etapas: búsqueda, selección e inclusión de trabajos, a partir de la base de datos disponible en el Catálogo de Tesis y Disertaciones de la CAPES. Los ocho trabajos incluidos fueron tabulados mediante SEQ, utilizando seis elementos de síntesis: (1) autor y año; (2) título y tipo de investigación; (3) objetivo del trabajo; (4) metodología; (5) resultados; (6) consideraciones finales. El ecosocialismo está cada vez más presente en los movimientos sociales, brindando la base para acciones socioambientales, dentro de una base social para un bien común, que es la protección de la naturaleza. Al profundizar aún más en las publicaciones de disertaciones y tesis, se ve que de los 14 trabajos reseñados generaron temas centrales como: Emancipación y Crítica del Capitalismo; Ecosocialismo y marxismo; Justicia Socioambiental en Minería; Movimientos Sociales y Participación Política; Educación Ambiental Crítica y Transformadora; Pensamientos de Michel Löwy. (shrink)

Esta obra traz ao leitor ensaios publicados ao longo de algumas décadas, alinhados a tradição brasileira de 'pensamento social'. Entre os vários intelectuais e pensadores analisados por Castro Santos, a obra de Gilberto Freyre, um dos maiores nomes de nosso tempo, mereceu atenção especial. Além do escritor pernambucano, todos os demais autores tratados neste livro revelam uma preocupação com o Brasil, uma intenção de 'reinventar' um país, gerar uma nação, criar metáforas de transformação social, converter idiomas e, regionalismos a uma (...) 'língua geral' de brasilidade. Nomes ilustres e obras hoje clássicas na tradição do pensamento social no Brasil passam pelo crivo do autor, sociólogo pertencente a geração que se voltou para grandes temas e cenários, sempre a cautelosa distância da excessiva especialização profissional dos dias atuais. Apesar da diversidade de perspectivas ou pontos de vista, os autores discutidos neste livro estão sempre a 'conjugar o futuro': a exemplo dos positivistas progressistas, como Pereira Barreto, ou dos agitadores das reformas na educação e saúde, como Azevedo Sodré, Arthur Neiva e Belisário Pena - esses últimos, figuras de destaque da Primeira República; por outro lado, em que pese a diversidade ainda maior de ideais e projetos, em autores como Gilberto Freyre e Sérgio Buarque de Holanda, ou na contribuição destacada de Antonio Candido, há sempre a preocupação de reinventarmo-nos (como já se disse deles), em um sentido que se poderia chamar totalizador. Isto é, trata-se de entender o país, retratá-lo, discutir projetos e novos caminhos. Na agenda intelectual da atualidade, aquela intenção não deveria jamais ser perdida. Essa intenção em 'pensar o país' remete sempre as preocupações do autor, ao relançar, pela EdUERJ, o presente livro. (shrink)

The paper deals with a possible tension within Axel Honneth’s theory of justice as presented in his Freedom’s Right. It takes as its point of departure Georg Lohmann’s objection that Honneth loses sight of the critical potential associated with positive right and tries to discuss it critically both exposing Lohmann’s and Honneth’s position. From the complex of problems identified thereby, the paper moves to a discussion of Émile Durkheim’s theory of State, with which it helps to provide a possible contribution (...) to the discussion between positive, individual rights and the normative framework of social freedom. (shrink)

São descritas Oficinas Terapêuticas conduzidas por psicólogos em um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial – álcool e drogas, direcionadas a adultos de ambos os sexos, usuários de álcool e/ou outras drogas. Seus objetivos principais eram proporcionar espaços de expressão, construção e transformação subjeti..

Resenha do livro de HELAL, R. & AMARO, F. Esporte e mídia: a contribuição de Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht.

Na introdução de seu livro Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes elabora uma precisa analogia entre corpos, sendo o Estado um corpo político semelhante ao corpo natural. Para isso, o Estado possuiria uma vida artificial análoga à vida natural que permitiria o seu próprio movimento artificial. Com o surgimento do neoliberalismo no século XX, temos uma intensificação das regras do mercado sobre o poder político, o que levou inevitavelmente a ruptura com o contrato social que garantia direitos para toda população. Aproveitando a pandemia (...) de covid-19, vamos retomar a analogia hobbesiana entre o corpo natural doente e a doença que aflige o corpo político: a sedição. (shrink)

A questão que se põe é: o que se entende pela expressão Filosofia da Psicanálise? Pode-se, em primeiro lugar, ficar espantado com essa pergunta, porque, ao menos, genericamente, essa expressão deve possuir um significado muito aparentado às expressões tais como: filosofia das matemáticas, filosofia da física, filosofia da biologia etc, a respeito do que não faltam exemplos de trabalhos sérios e bem sucedidos. Pensando as coisas assim, a filosofia da psicanálise, assim como a filosofia das matemáticas etc., nada mais seria (...) que um ramo, uma espécie dessa disciplina mais geral que denominamos filosofia da ciência , que consiste, em linhas gerais, em se tentar saber qual é o modo próprio e específico que cada disciplina tem de estabelecer suas teses. Qual, por exemplo, o papel da observação, da experiência, do raciocínio etc. Como essa disciplina encadeia suas proposições, como ela procura fundamentá-las. O que tal ou tal disciplina entende por verdade, por proposição verdadeira. Enfim, o filósofo endereça às diferentes ciências questões do tipo: qual o seu regime de provas e validação? Qual o papel da experimentação e das hipóteses? Há uma adequação entre as proposições que ela coloca e aquilo através do qual procura estabelecê-las? Esses são exemplos de questões colocadas por isso que entendemos correntemente por filosofia das ciências . É o que examinaremos nesse artigo. (shrink)

Journal Name: Semiotica Issue: Ahead of print.

In the context of my project to justify the ethical dimension of Hermeneutics, in this article I will propose answers to the central question around which Plato’s Filebo dialogue is articulated, namely, “what is the state and disposition of the soul (hexis kai diathesis)? that can grant men a happy life? Is it for knowledge, or for pleasure?” From the clues proposed in the dialogue, I will develop the notion of a good and happy life as a process and result (...) of the correct mixture between knowledge and pleasure. Under the aegis of Gadamerian hermeneutics, taken as an ethical praxis, the objective is to substantiate the thesis that happiness is the result of the virtuous circularity between knowledge and pleasure as opposed to the vicious circularity that implements unhappiness, establishes a slave life that implies the personal, social and environmental destruction. I will do this by explaining, initially, the type of ontology and the rationality proper to dealing with the good and happy life combined with pleasure; this will make it possible to indicate clues of the appropriate alchemy - through dialogical-phronetic investigation - between knowledge and pleasure to establish a good and happy life. Finally, the original contribution of this reflection lies in proposing criteria to assess whether the mixture was well done by presenting the implications of the vicious circularity and corollaries of the virtuous circularity between knowledge and pleasure. I will show that vicious circularity fosters unhappiness, while virtuous circularity enables the creation of a good and happy life in individual and social terms, in addition to establishing a harmonious relationship and integration with the environment. (shrink)

We examine the responses of South African multinational enterprises to corruption in African markets in the context of institutional voids. Corruption is a source of uncertainty and additional transactional costs for MNEs and it necessitates a strategic response. The research employs a qualitative study of a sample of MNEs with experience in internationalising into Africa. The results indicate that corruption in African markets is pervasive and closely associated with the institutional voids in these countries. MNEs see themselves as ‘institution takers’ (...) responding to countries’ institutional makeup at the organisational and individual level but fail to fully appreciate their impact on institutions both positively and negatively. Rather MNEs focus on strategic responses at the organisational level to address corruption operationally in the host country. We add to the existing literature by providing a dynamic framework of the complex webs of association between institutions, MNEs and corruption in conditions of economic underdevelopment. The research suggests that MNEs do not need to get caught in a vicious cycle whereby they perpetuate corruption in conditions of underdevelopment and institutional voids but instead can contribute towards a virtuous cycle through which they institutionalise ethical foundations. (shrink)

O dendê, símbolo peculiar e relevante da culinária nacional, tem sido objeto de investigação em diferentes vertentes, e neste trabalho será abordado pelo campo da visualidade e da cultura baiana. Buscou-se evidenciar o histórico do dendê, a tipologia e a classificação da estrutura formal, bem como a sua validação na religião de matriz africana do Candomblé. Nesse sentido, observa-se a existência do dendê na cultura material e imaterial das pessoas, sobretudo da população baiana, que interage nos modos de viver, trabalhar, (...) conceber imagens e repertórios. A metodologia adotada é a revisão de literatura que compreende a identidade cultural, a identidade baiana, a cultura e o cultivo do dendê, e seu simbolismo no âmbito sagrado, que se consolidou com pensadores centrais como Munanga (2020), Mariano (2009), Barreto e Freitas (2008), Bolini (2012), Lody (1992, 2009), Moraes e Pachêco (1985), Correa (2012), Oliveira (2009). Desse modo, conclui-se que o dendê é um elemento interdisciplinar presente em diversos contextos do cotidiano como na cultura, na arte, nas relações de fé, em produtos, as ações efêmeras e o imaginário coletivo. (shrink)

This paper seeks to analyze the construction of ethics in sexuality research in which qualitative methods are employed in the field of social sciences. Analyses are based on a bibliographic review of current discussions on research methods of queer theory and on the authors' own experiences of past research on sexuality. The article offers a theoretical perspective on the ways ethnography and in‐depth interviews become methods that can rely on a consensual method and create a politics of intimacy between the (...) researchers and research participants. The politics of intimacy may contribute to the production of a politically engaged knowledge while escaping from the moral matrix that usually governs the relationship between researchers and research participants. It is argued here that the researcher's sexed and gendered body matters for fieldwork; that the consensual method among participants may be employed in sexuality research as a fruitful tool; and that the relationships created among researchers and participants can pose a challenge to predetermined ethical guidelines in research. As a result, discussions problematize the existence of a politics of intimacy in sexuality research that is characterized by ethical relations among research participants. (shrink)

Although emotion is closely associated with motivation, and interacts with perception, cognition, and action, many conceptualizations still treat emotion as separate from these domains. Here, a comparative/evolutionary anatomy framework is presented to motivate the idea that long-range, distributed circuits involving the midbrain, thalamus, and forebrain are central to emotional processing. It is proposed that emotion can be understood in terms of large-scale network interactions spanning the neuroaxis that form “functionally integrated systems.” At the broadest level, the argument is made that (...) we need to move beyond a Newtonian view of causation to one involving complex systems where bidirectional influences and nonlinearities abound. Therefore, understanding interactions between subsystems and signal integration becomes central to unraveling the organization of the emotional brain. (shrink)

El texto que se presenta se refiere a las repercusiones de la transmodernidad, que sustituye a la postmodernidad, en el actual contexto histórico. Se caracteriza por la pérdida de los referentes históricos e ideológicos del hombre occidental. En un contexto dominado por la la globalización, la revolución tecnológica de la información, la victoria del capitalismo neoliberal y la afirmación del fin de la historia, nuestras concepciones tradicionales acerca del derecho, el Estado, la justicia y el conocimiento jurídico mismo y el (...) papel que juegan los operadores jurídicos deben ser repensados. En este proceso de reconsideración, las reglas jurídicas se convierten en reglas anancásticas y el orden jurídico se torna en un sistema que autolegitima con base en su carácter intrínsecamente autopoiético. Además, el primitivo concepto de relaciones jurídicas y sus componentes se transforman, bajo la influencia de un nuevo tecnicismo, en un orden tecnojurídico; la jurisdicción se torna virtual y el Estado-nación se disuelve en un Nuevo Orden Mundial. Este Nuevo Orden Mundial, que está bajo el control de un superpoder económico y militar, es crecientemente dominado por compañías transnacionales y organizaciones sociales que tienden a ocupar las esquinas normativas de la sociedad. En lo que concierne a la justicia, ésta es considerada ahora un nuevo imperativo categórico, diseñada sin embargo por los conceptos y sentimientos éticos de los ricos. No obstante, estas transformaciones, expuestas en el texto, son analizadas para despertar la conciencia crítica del jurista, cuya mentalidad dogmática y la más absoluta alienación insisten en mantener dormida. (shrink)